Tips jaga baby.....

25 SEBAB SUAMI MARAH PADA ISTERI.....renung2kan...

1. Memperkecil suami dihadapan orang lain antara sedar dan tidak walaupun ianya benar ie. “hubby i tu kan kan..memancing ikan pun dia tak tau.. bla bla bla ”

2. Menganggu suami dengan menelefon dia terlampau selalu sangat dan selalu dimasa yang salah. ie. “hello abang ada meeting ker tu, sorry la cuma nak cakap..malam nih kita goreng taugeh dan tauhu cicah sos toamto jer ..ok tak ”

3. Terlalu suka mengemas rumah / mengalihkan barang sampai suami tak jumpa barang-barang yang disimpan beliau.. ie. “kita dah simpan pancing tu kat dalam stor, entah la ikat kat atas palang mana satu..”

4. Mengambil muka surat atau bahagian tertentu dari surat khabar dan menyusun surat khabar dengan cara yang amat salah..sampai tidak dijumpa mana-mana seksyen yang hendak “bang, sport section tu ayang dah buat bungkus buah papaya….dah mengkal merah dah”

5. Memotong mana-mana bahagian majalah dan juga suratkhabar atau apa-apa bahagian dari mana-mana printed matter sampai berlubang sana sini dan sisuami tak sempat baca/tengok ” ie. eh kita suka la news pasal TV plasma tu..kita dah potong simpan…”

6. Menyuruh suami agar membeli itu dan ini dalam perjalanan balik dari opis sedangkan nak pergi pasar/supermarket cuma esok sahaja atau baru semalam telah ke pasar. ie. “bang.. semalam kita tersinggah SPA, lupa beli garam,gula beras dan susu budak kat TESCO sebagaimana dalam list….boleh singgah tak mana mana ..pleaze ”

7. Tidak memberi arahan/instruction yang jelas kepada suami bila menyuruh dia membeli sesuatu dan kemudian memarahkan/menyalahkan suami. ie. “saya kata beli susu cair dan ising gula, apsal awak beli susu dugro dan gula getah …kan lain tu”

8. Membuat temujanji dan aktiviti sosial tanpa mendapat persetujuan suami terlebih dahulu ie. “i dah confirm malam Jumaat nih nak party tupperware kat rumah cik minah,you tak ada program tahlil kat mana mana kan ?? ”

9. Mengubah barang, tempat buku atau tools atau apa-apa setting di PC tanpa memberitahu suami. ie. “screensaver u tentang gambar 80 kilo marlin dengan you tu i dah tertukar jadi gambar Fahrin Ahmad…”

10. Bercakap/bersembang di telefon dengan kawan-kawan sewaktu malam selepas 10 pm bilamana nak beristirehat dan ber…ber….ie. ” pot pet pot pet pot pet pot pet pot pet pot ..”

11. Menjemput tetamu atau sesiapa sahaja datang kerumah tanpa izin suami. ie. “malam nih i jemput lina dan anum datang dinner rumah sebab hubby dia orang outstation, ok kan kan kan ”

12. Berpakaian kusut masai dengan t-shirt terkoyak dan kain batik lusuh dan rambut tak terurus serupa langsuyar dan muka tak bermekap serupa mayat dirumah… tapi cukup segak dan cun bila nak keluar rumah. ie. “..oh baju-baju cantik tu cuma untuk ke kenduri kawin dan dinner jer, kat rumah pakai coli koyak pun dah cukup seksi kan bang ..”

13. Mengambil masa yang cukup lama bila bersiap macam pengantin bila nak keluar kemana-mana dan membuatkan suami tertunggu dan terus tertidur. ie. ” sorry la i tak tau baju kebaya mana yang paling jarang so kena pilih betul betul ..”

14. Dengan sengaja atau tidak sengaja terlupa menyuruh maid atau diri sendiri membasuh atau mensterika baju atau seluar yang telah dipilih untuk dipakai dihari berkenaan. ie. ” eh baju tu masih berendam dalam besen lagi..nak pakai jugak ke baju basah tu..”

15. Dengan sengaja atau tidak sengaja menyebelahi anak anak bila suami sedang hot dengan budak budak tu..ie. “..eh biarlah budak budak tu pergi ladies night, bukan nak tinggal rumah kawan dia tu seminggu..”

16. Tidak suka mandi dan bersiap awal pada hari cuti dan hanya bersiap bila nak dekat asar sahaja. ie. “…nak mandi buat apa awal awal bukan nak pergi jalan jalan mana pun..”

17. Suka melengah lengah kan masa bila nak bersolat berjemaah atau beribadat dengan melencong ke dapur, bilik budak budak atau buat benda benda lain. ie. “..awak solatlah dulu, saya nak abiskan rancangan Melodi nih..”

18. Mengganggu suami yang sedang tengah tengok tv. ie. “pasukan hijau kuning tu sampai mati tak akan dapatkan Kaka, mari tolong saya potong ayam nih..”

19. Asyik bercerita tentang diri sendiri tanpa memberi peluang pada suami untuk bercerita jugak. ie. ” u tau tak kat opis tadi, i rasa nak massacre client tu u tau tak.. then lagi, waktu balik tadi nasib baik opis boy tahan I ..then lagi tak tak …then today.. then tadi..u tau tak…semalam u nak tau….bla bla bla bla.”

20. Membebel dan berleter tak renti-renti tentang hal-hal yang amat kecil dan di ulang tayang semula tiap tiap hari. ie. ” i dah kata jangan kasi budak budak tu prepaid, kan sekarang dah …bill bla bla bergayut bla bla bla bla…ini semua salah you”

21. Memfitnah dan menuduh suami tanpa usul periksa. ie. ” eh cik abang,awak nih ada affair ke apsal sms beep beep beep tak henti henti nih…GRO universiti mana pulak awak nak nih…”

22. Menceritakan hal rumah tangga pada orang lain dan memburuk-burukkan suami @ keturunan suami @ asal usul suami. ie. “..eee u tau tak hubby i tu makan makanan petai jeruk.. eeeii peliknyer!!”

23. Dengan sengaja atau tidak, gagal memasak masakan yang suami nak makan. ie. “..apsal u tak cakap tadi kata u nak makan gulai kari dan rojak pasembor…i dah masak pai daging dan spaghetti kambing ..”

24. Meminjamkan harta-benda suami pada orang lain tanpa kebenaran. ie.”..adik u datang tadi nak pinjam berus gigi, sebab dia punya dah rosak..”

DAN AKHIR SEKALI

25. Sengaja melengahkan untuk masuk tidur tanpa sebab-sebab yang munasabah di malam Jumaat. ie. “..you tidurlah dulu, i nak habiskan tengok drama susuk nih dulu then nak masak nasi lemak siap siap untuk breakfast dan nak masukkan pakain dalam laundry then kemudian nak kacau dodol…..”

Tips 4 writing biology essay

1. The first thing that you should do is to carefully read the question. The second thing that you should do is to carefully read the question. The third thing that you should do is to carefully read the question. Be sure to answer the question asked and only that question; answer all parts of it.

2. Outline the answer to avoid confusion and disorganisation. Thinking ahead helps to avoid scratch outs, asterisks, skipping around, and rambling. If you do not outline well, list the major areas you will cover in your essay. Check with your outline or list once you've finished writing.

3. Write an essay. Outlines and diagrams, no mater how elaborate and accurate, are not essays and will not get you much, if any, credit by themselves.

4. Define your terms. Say something about each of the terms that you use.

5. Write clearly and neatly. It would be crazy to antagonise the examiner with lousy penmanship

7. Go into detail that is on the subject and to the point. Be sure to include the obvious. Answer the question thoroughly.

8. If you cannot remember a word exactly, take a shot at it-get as close as you can. If you don't have a name for a concept, describe the concept.

9. Use a clear ballpoint pen with dark ink.

10. Remember that no detail is too small to be included as long as it is to the point.

11. Widen your margins a little. This will make the essay easier for most folks to read.

13. Bring a watch to the exam so that you can pace yourself.

14. Practice outlining your essay answers on your test during the year.

15. Understand that the exam is written to be hard. It is very likely that you will not know everything. It is expected, so relax and write thorough answers.

DON'T

1. Don't waste your time on background information unless the question calls for historical development or historical significance. Answer the question.

2. Don't ramble---get to the point. Don't shoot the bull--say what you know and go on to the next question. You can always come back if you remember something later.

3. Don't use a pencil or a pen with an ink color other than black or blue.

4. Don't use a felt -tip pen because the ink seeps through the page and makes both sides of the paper hard to read.

5. Don't panic or get angry because you are unfamiliar with the question. You probably have read or heard something about the subject--be calm and think.

6. Don't scratch out excessively. One or two lines though the unwanted words should be fine.

7. Don't write more than a very few words in the margin.

8. Don't worry about spelling every word perfectly or using exact grammar. These are not a part of the standards the graders use. It is important for you to know, however, that very poor spelling and grammar will hurt your chances that the reader will understand you.

9. Don't write sloppily. It is easy for a grader to miss an important word when he/she cannot read your handwriting.

10. Don't leave questions blank. Remember that each point on an essay question is the equivalent of about three of the multiple choice questions and there is no penalty for a wrong guess. Make an effort on every question!

11. If you are given a choice of parts (e.g. discuss photosynthesis or respiration), select the one you know best and write as completely as possible. Do not change your mind; examiners are old to follow your first choice through the answer.

USE ESSAY QUESTION DIRECTION WORDS TO PREDICT AND THOROUGHLY UNDERSTAND ESSAY QUESTIONS

The following explanations of essay question direction words can help you both to predict good essay questions at home and to thoroughly understand and correctly answer essay questions in the exam room. They have been categorized according to their level of difficulty. For the first group, it is often enough to simply memorize and correctly explain a term. For the second group, you must be able to see the relationships between the ideas and terms. In the third group, you are being asked to apply the information in a new situation or critically analyze a situation giving your own opinion. The more deeply you study and prepare at home using all three levels of questions; the better prepared you will be for an essay exam.

1. At the definition level:

Describe - Means to write a detailed account or verbal picture in a logical sequence or story form.

Discuss - Means to describe giving the details and explaining the pros and cons of it.

State - Means to describe the main points in precise terms. Be formal. Use brief, clear sentences. Omit details and examples.

Define/Explain - Means to give the formal meaning by distinguishing it from related terms. This is often a definition to be memorized.

List/Enumerate - Means to produce a numbered list of words, sentences or comments.

Trace - Means to follow the progress or history of the subject

2. At a deeper, more interpretive level

Compare - Means to show both the similarities and differences.

Contrast - Means to compare by showing the differences.

Diagram - Means to make a graph, chart, or drawing. Be sure to label and add brief explanation if necessary.

Illustrate - Means to explain or make it clear by concrete examples, comparisons, or analogies.

Summarize - Means to give a brief account of the main ideas. Omit details and examples.

Outline - Means to give a general summary. It should contain a series of main ideas supported by secondary ideas. Show organization. Omit details.

3. At the deepest level, you apply and evaluate information

Review - Means to give a survey or summary in which you look at the important parts and criticize where needed.

Prove - Means to show by argument or logic that it is true. The word prove has a special meaning in mathematics and physics.

Interpret - Means to give the meaning using examples and personal comments to make the ideas clear.

Evaluate - Means to give your opinion or some expert's opinion of the truth or importance of the concept. Tell the advantages and disadvantages.

Justify - Means to give a statement of why you think it is so. Give reasons for your statement or conclusion.

muat satu kampung

Emm.. muat satu kampung ni  

optimum digestion, assimilation and elimination

What Are The Key Points To Good Digestion, Assimilation and Elimination?

There are four main criteria for optimum digestion and elimination:

1. The correct type and amount of digestive enzymes.

2. Adequate acidophilus and other ‘friendly’ intestinal bacteria.

3. The correct pH (acid/base balance) in each area of the digestive tract (acidic in the stomach, alkaline in the small intestine, neutral in the large intestine).

4. Having an adequate amount of fiber in the diet.

How Does Poor Digestion Cause Disease In The Body?

1. Nutritional Deficiencies.

Most significantly, a person who is not digesting their food well cannot obtain the optimum amount of nutrients from their food that help rebuild, repair, and regenerate the body.

2. Fermentation/Decomposition.

Poor digestion also causes slower transit time of the food through the digestive tract. This prolonged transit time often causes the food to ferment causing gas formation. After this, the fermenting foods begin to decompose or rot (causing toxic chemical formation).

3. Self-Toxification/Colon Problems.

Another factor is a deficiency of fiber in the diet. A lack of fiber in the stools causes the feces to become sticky. This combination of sticky, fermenting, and putrefied food produces toxins and ‘free-radicals’, which are absorbed into the bloodstream and can create a lining of toxic residues and mucus which coats the lower intestinal tract. This toxic, mucus plaque can contribute to numerous health conditions, such as diverticulitis, colitis, and other colon problems. The symptoms associated with this ‘self-toxification’ can include allergies, body aches, confusion, forgetfulness, headaches, and decreased energy.

4. Leaky-Gut Syndrome/Food Allergies.

A serious condition associated with poor digestion is “leaky-gut” syndrome. Leaky Gut Syndrome occurs when foods are not digested completely. Large, poorly digested protein molecules force their way through the gut wall into the bloodstream. In the blood, instead of being delivered where needed as nutrients, these large proteins are recognized incorrectly by the immune system as an invader from outside the body. The immune system then mounts an antigen-antibody reaction, creating immune cells to attack the antigen. This is also known as having a food allergy attack. I believe that a large majority of ‘food allergies’ are simply due to poor digestion and this antigen-antibody reaction to proteins in the bloodstream.

5. Liver/Kidney Stress & Skin Conditions.

By constantly allowing these toxins to enter the bloodstream, it also places stress on the liver (major organ of detoxification) and kidneys (cleaners of the blood). If these organs become overworked, the skin will become an organ of elimination and you will begin to see skin conditions appearing. Many skin conditions are caused or contributed to by poor digestion and the resulting toxic environment of the intestinal tract.

6. Parasites/Yeast Infections.

Other conditions related to poor digestion and leaky-gut syndrome are parasite infections, which are more common that one would expect, and Candida albicans (yeast) infection of the intestinal tract.

All of these conditions increase the toxic load on the body and have a negative effect on the immune system. Patients are usually amazed by how many problems can be traced back to the underlying problems of poor digestion and a toxic colon. It is even more amazing to see what happens when a person who was once toxic from the previously described conditions chooses to use natural methods to detoxify, rebuild, and regenerate their body. Many have described the process as getting “a second chance” or “having a new lease on life”.

What Are Biochemical Enzymes and Digestive Enzymes?

Enzymes are present in all living plant and animal cells. There are hundreds of kinds of biochemical enzymes in the body, constantly keeping our body functioning properly. Enzymes are like the battery in a car. Without the spark from the battery, even a brand new car won’t work. All life would cease to exist without enzymes, for they a vital source of life energy. Enzymes are the primary motivators (catalyst) for all natural biochemical (life) processes. Even though proteins, carbohydrates, fat and fiber are the building blocks of our bodies, they do not possess the energy (capacity to do work) that enzymes possess, necessary for digesting foods, liberating nutrients and assisting biochemical reactions.

Digestive enzymes, made by the pancreas, assist in digesting food we eat, making it small enough to pass through the intestinal wall into the bloodstream. Despite obvious evidence of their importance, little thought is given (in modern medicine) to the role digestive enzymes play in completing the digestion and assimilation of nutrients. Plant-based enzymes (like those found in Extreme Health's Digestive Formula) work in the entire digestive tract, in a wide range of acid and alkaline environments. They allow your body to replenish and rebuild the pancreatic enzyme reserve, which takes a tremendous stress load off of the body. Taken with food they greatly assist the body in the digestion and assimilation of food nutrients. Taken away from food, digestive enzymes enter the bloodstream and act almost like a ‘second immune system’, digesting excess proteins in the blood, scavenging debris, decreasing inflammation, removing mucous, and cellular waste.

How Do Digestive Enzymes Work?

When a person eats proteins, carbohydrates, and fat, the pancreas responds by secreting the proper amounts and concentrations of protease, amylase, and lipase enzymes to digest the foods and transport their nutrients into the bloodstream. Organic raw foods contain the proper types and concentrations of enzymes in their cells to digest themselves (enzymes are responsible for aged fruit to rot or self-digest. Cooking or heating food kills the enzymes found in live foods. Nature intended for the enzymes within rot foods to assist the body in digestion). Eating organic produce adds little or no stress to the pancreas. Our bodies do not make the enzyme cellulose, which breaks down plant fiber, however, a plant-source cellulose enzyme supplement is appropriate therapy for certain conditions, such as green leafy vegetables intact in stools.

Do Organic Foods Contain More Enzymes?

Unfortunately, many commercially grown ‘live’ foods have been genetically altered to make them contain fewer enzymes. This allows these fruits and vegetables a longer shelf life. Haven’t you wondered how fruit and vegetables at commercial grocery stores stay on the shelves so long without spoiling? This is the reason health food stores usually have smaller produce stocks- they must sell and replace existing stock before the inherent enzymes begin the self-digestive process.

How Does The Body Become Depeted Of Enzymes?

The body’s ability to make pancreatic enzymes can be exhausted by eating a diet devoid of naturally occurring enzymes. This includes eating all types of cooked foods (enzymes are killed at 118 degrees), highly processed foods, and commercially grown produce. Each of us is born with a pancreatic enzyme “reserve”, a reserve that may be built up or depleted, but should not become depleted or overdrawn. Every time a person consumes cooked or processed food (devoid of enzymes) and the pancreas can not keep up with the enzyme demand placed on it, the digestive system recruits the enzyme supply from white blood cells (immune cells) to assist in completing digestion. These are the same enzymes the white blood cells used to ‘kill’ invading viruses and bacteria. Mobilizing the body’s immune system every time enzyme deficient food s eaten is known as “digestive leukocytosis”. This constant abuse can fatigue immune defense capabilities and lay the groundwork for degenerative conditions in the body.

How Do I Know If I Am Enzyme Deficient?

General fatigue and chronic, degenerative conditions (every day aches and pains) are the only outward evidence of enzyme deficiencies. Because the body donates enzymes from other areas of the body to meet existing needs (such as the immune system), deficiencies do not become apparent until these reserves can no longer meet the demand. It is Extendedly important then, to ensure that the body receives an dequate supply of enzymes, either through the consumption of raw food or concentrated plant enzyme supplementation.

What Is Acidophilus, Why Is It Important?

Lactobacillus acidophilus, and other ‘friendly’ intestinal bacteria, are called ‘probiotics’, which literally means “in support of life”. Lactobacillus acidophilus is very important for improving digestion and for the forming of certain vitamins, including vitamin B3, B6, biotin, and folic acid. Probiotics also produce natural antibiotic (antibacterial) substances which can kill or deactivate disease-causing bacteria and will ‘defend their territory’ against other microorganisms such as yeast or fungus. When the ‘good’ intestinal bacteria are depleted there are multiple negative effects in the body.

Does Antibiotic Drug Therapy Kill Acidophilus?

Antibiotic drug therapy is one of the main causes of the depletion of acidophilus in the body. Antibiotic drugs do not discriminate between the ‘good’ and ‘bad’ bacteria when they are consumed. Prolonged antibiotic drug use can kill all of the ‘friendly’ probiotics, leaving the body defenseless. It is very important, if you choose to undergo antibiotic therapy, to re-introduce acidophilus and other probiotic bacteria while you are taking the antibiotics and especially after you finish the course of treatment. The antibiotics will kill most of the acidophilus you take while you are still taking the antibiotics. The goal is to not completely wipe out the colonies of ‘good’ bacteria while on the antibiotics, and to fully re-colonize the acidophilus after the completion of the therapy.

What Causes Gastritis And Ulcers?

In dealing with gastritis (stomach inflammation) and ulcerative conditions in the gastrointestinal tract, I have found that poor digestion and mental/emotional stress factors are often contributing factors. When food is not broken down (digested) well it ferments, putrefies (becomes rotten) and creates an acidic environment. This acidity irritates the lining of the digestive tract. Many over-the-counter and pharmaceutical drugs irritate the lining of the digestive tract and can contribute to ulcers forming. In dealing with ulcerative conditions you must rule out a Helicobacter bacterial infection, an abnormal microorganism or parasitic infection.

Why Can’t Antacids Prevent Or Cure Acid Indigestion?

I have seen many patients with conditions of excessive acid stomach or acid indigestion, and often the person is taking large amounts of antacids. A basic review of how the stomach works and an understanding how antacids help create the problem are all most people need, along with some digestive enzymes, to stop the problem. The problem is the body producing too much acid in the stomach. The stomach makes acid to break down proteins. If there is poor digestion, or if a person eats large meals or excessive proteins, the body can often make too much acid. To counteract the acid, people take antacids. This makes the stomach very alkaline. In order to create an acid environment again in the stomach the body has to make more- you guessed it- acid, which was the problem in the first place. This cycle of poor chewing (50% of digestion should take place in the mouth), poor digestion, and the acid/alkaline roller coaster can be reduced or avoided by chewing food well, and taking digestive enzymes with your meal. Many people think antacids are a good source of calcium. Unfortunately, this is not true. In order for calcium to be fully absorbed into the body, it must be assimilated in an acidic environment. Antacids, like their name says, provide a very alkaline environment, which would prevent the proper uptake of calcium.

When a state of balance is maintained by optimum digestion, the body is better able to prevent chronic health problems such as hypo or hyperglycemia; fatigue; headaches; candida; constipation; diarrhea; arthritis; allergies; infections or other conditions caused by a compromised immune system.

Nucleic Acids

If the primary structure of polypeptides determines the conformation of a protein, what determines primary structure? The amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is programmed by a unit of inheritance known as a gene. Genes consist of DNA, which is a polymer belonging to the class of compounds known as nucleic acids.

The Roles of Nucleic Acids

There are two types of nucleic acids: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA) . These are the molecules that enable living organisms to reproduce their complex components from one generation to the next. Unique among molecules, DNA provides directions for its own replication. DNA also directs RNA synthesis and, through RNA, controls protein synthesis.

The figure above shows DNA → RNA → protein: a diagrammatic overview of information flow in a cell. In a eukaryotic cell, DNA in the nucleus programs protein production in the cytoplasm by dictating the synthesis of messenger RNA (mRNA), which travels to the cytoplasm and binds to ribosomes. As a ribosome (greatly enlarged in this drawing) moves along the mRNA, the genetic message is translated into a polypeptide of specific amino acid sequence.

DNA is the genetic material that organisms inherit from their parents. Each chromosome contains one long DNA molecule, usually consisting of from several hundred to more than a thousand genes. When a cell reproduces itself by dividing, its DNA molecules are copied and passed along from one generation of cells to the next. Encoded in the structure of DNA is the information that programs all the cell’s activities. The DNA, however, is not directly involved in running the operations of the cell, any more than computer software by itself can print a bank statement or read the bar code on a box of cereal. Just as a printer is needed to print out a statement and a scanner is needed to read a bar code, proteins are required to implement genetic programs. The molecular hardware of the cell—the tools for most biological functions—consists of proteins. For example, the oxygen carrier in the blood is the protein hemoglobin, not the DNA that specifies its structure.

How does RNA, the other type of nucleic acid, fit into the flow of genetic information from DNA to proteins? Each gene along the length of a DNA molecule directs the synthesis of a type of RNA called messenger RNA (mRNA). The mRNA molecule then interacts with the cell’s protein–synthesizing machinery to direct the production of a polypeptide. We can summarize the flow of genetic information as DNA → RNA → protein (see Figure 5.25). The actual sites of protein synthesis are cellular structures called ribosomes. In a eukaryotic cell, ribosomes are located in the cytoplasm, but DNA resides in the nucleus. Messenger RNA conveys the genetic instructions for building proteins from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Prokaryotic cells lack nuclei, but they still use RNA to send a message from the DNA to the ribosomes and other equipment of the cell that translate the coded information into amino acid sequences.

The Structure of Nucleic Acids

Nucleic acids are macromolecules that exist as polymers called polynucleotides.

The components of nucleic acids. (a) A polynucleotide has a regular sugar–phosphate backbone with variable appendages, the four kinds of nitrogenous bases. RNA usually exists in the form of a single polynucleotide, like the one shown here. (b) A nucleotide monomer is made up of three components: a nitrogenous base, a sugar, and a phosphate group, linked together as shown here. Without the phosphate group, the resulting structure is called a nucleoside. (c) The components of the nucleoside include a nitrogenous base (either a purine or a pyrimidine) and a pentose sugar (either deoxyribose or ribose).

As indicated by the name, each polynucleotide consists of monomers called nucleotides . A nucleotide is itself composed of three parts: a nitrogenous base, a pentose (five–carbon sugar), and a phosphate group (Figure 5.26b). The portion of this unit without the phosphate group is called a nucleoside.

The DNA double helix and its replication. The DNA molecule is usually double–stranded, with the sugar–phosphate backbone of the antiparallel polynucleotide strands (symbolized here by blue ribbons) on the outside of the helix. Holding the two strands together are pairs of nitrogenous bases attached to each other by hydrogen bonds. As illustrated here with symbolic shapes for the bases, adenine (A) can pair only with thymine (T), and guanine (G) can pair only with cytosine (C). When a cell prepares to divide, the two strands of the double helix separate, and each serves as a template for the precise ordering of nucleotides into new complementary strands (orange). Each DNA strand in this figure is the structural equivalent of the polynucleotide diagrammed in Figure 5.26a.

The DNA Double Helix

The RNA molecules of cells consist of a single polynucleotide chain like the one shown in Figure 5.26. In contrast, cellular DNA molecules have two polynucleotides that spiral around an imaginary axis, forming a double helix (Figure 5.27).

Figure 5.27 The DNA double helix and its replication. The DNA molecule is usually double–stranded, with the sugar–phosphate backbone of the antiparallel polynucleotide strands (symbolized here by blue ribbons) on the outside of the helix. Holding the two strands together are pairs of nitrogenous bases attached to each other by hydrogen bonds. As illustrated here with symbolic shapes for the bases, adenine (A) can pair only with thymine (T), and guanine (G) can pair only with cytosine (C). When a cell prepares to divide, the two strands of the double helix separate, and each serves as a template for the precise ordering of nucleotides into new complementary strands (orange). Each DNA strand in this figure is the structural equivalent of the polynucleotide diagrammed in Figure 5.26a.

James Watson and Francis Crick, working at Cambridge University, first proposed the double helix as the three–dimensional structure of DNA in 1953. The two sugar–phosphate backbones run in opposite 5′ → 3′ directions from each other, an arrangement referred to as antiparallel, somewhat like a divided highway. The sugar–phosphate backbones are on the outside of the helix, and the nitrogenous bases are paired in the interior of the helix. The two polynucleotides, or strands, as they are called, are held together by hydrogen bonds between the paired bases and by van der Waals interactions between the stacked bases. Most DNA molecules are very long, with thousands or even millions of base pairs connecting the two chains. One long DNA double helix includes many genes, each one a particular segment of the molecule.

Only certain bases in the double helix are compatible with each other. Adenine (A) always pairs with thymine (T), and guanine (G) always pairs with cytosine (C). If we were to read the sequence of bases along one strand as we traveled the length of the double helix, we would know the sequence of bases along the other strand. If a stretch of one strand has the base sequence 5′–AGGTCCG–3′, then the base–pairing rules tell us that the same stretch of the other strand must have the sequence 3′–TCCAGGC–5′. The two strands of the double helix are complementary, each the predictable counterpart of the other. It is this feature of DNA that makes possible the precise copying of genes that is responsible for inheritance (see Figure 5.27). In preparation for cell division, each of the two strands of a DNA molecule serves as a template to order nucleotides into a new complementary strand. The result is two identical copies of the original double–stranded DNA molecule, which are then distributed to the two daughter cells. Thus, the structure of DNA accounts for its function in transmitting genetic information whenever a cell reproduces.

DNA and Proteins as Tape Measures of Evolution

We are accustomed to thinking of shared traits, such as hair and milk production in mammals, as evidence of shared ancestors. Because we now understand that DNA carries heritable information in the form of genes, we can see that genes and their products (proteins) document the hereditary background of an organism. The linear sequences of nucleotides in DNA molecules are passed from parents to offspring; these sequences determine the amino acid sequences of proteins. Siblings have greater similarity in their DNA and proteins than do unrelated individuals of the same species. If the evolutionary view of life is valid, we should be able to extend this concept of “molecular genealogy” to relationships between species: We should expect two species that appear to be closely related based on fossil and anatomical evidence to also share a greater proportion of their DNA and protein sequences than do more distantly related species. In fact, that is the case. For example, if we compare a polypeptide chain of human hemoglobin with the corresponding hemoglobin polypeptide in five other vertebrates, we find the following. In this chain of 146 amino acids, humans and gorillas differ in just 1 amino acid, humans and gibbons differ in 2 amino acids, and humans and rhesus monkeys differ in 8 amino acids. More distantly related species have chains that are less similar. Humans and mice differ in 27 amino acids, and humans and frogs differ in 67 amino acids. Molecular biology has added a new tape measure to the toolkit biologists use to assess evolutionary kinship.

LAWAKS HAHAHAHAHAHA/\......

NAMA-NAMA JEPUN.....
Itosayasuka

1.Yg pemarah- KEJI CACIMAKI

2. Yg tak suka brg mahal- SATO SUKAMURA

3. Yg bisu- KITA TADASUARA

4. Yg suka makan tose- NANACHI HITOSE 

5. Yg suka lagu blues- APO NADIKATO

6.Yg suka belajar- ASIKO ULANGKAJI

7. Yg kerap bikin ribut- WAKASI HURUHARA

8. Yg masih bujang- MATIMATI TAMOKASI

9 .Yg asyik berbini - ASIKO GILOBETINOKO


 SYUKURLAH AD ISTERI...JGN CARI GALPREN LEN...


Wife is like TV, girlfriend is like Handphone (HP)

At home watch TV, go out bring HP.

No money, sell TV. Got money change HP.

Sometimes enjoy TV, but most of the time play with HP.

TV free for life but HP, if you don't pay the services will be terminated

TV is big, bulky and most of the time old, but handphone is cute, slim,

curvy and very portable at any time. 

Operational cost for TV is often acceptable but for HP is high and often demanding,

Most Important, TV got remote.. HP don't have..




Last but not least....... .

TV do not have virus, but h/p yes......... .have VIRUS....... ........ once get it, terus KONG........ hahahahaha. .....
so better choose TV ..... 

Kepada lelaki2 tak hensem...jangan kecik hati pulak ye :-)

Kalau lelaki handsome pendiam Perempuan akan cakap: woow, cool gila...
kalau lelaki tak handsome pendiamPerempuan akan cakap: eh perasan bagus...

kalau lelaki handsome berbuat jahatPerempuan akan kata: nobody's perfect
kalau lelaki tak handsome berbuat jahatperempuan akan cakap: memang.... muka pun macam pecah rumah!

kalau lelaki handsome menolong perempuan yang digangguperempuan akan cakap: wah.. machonya.. macam hero filem!
kalau lelaki tak handsome menolong perempuan yang diganggu 
Perempuan akan kata: entah2 kawan dia...

kalau lelaki handsome dapat perempuan cantikperempuan akan kata: sepadan sangat...
kalau lelaki tak handsome dapat perempuan cantikperempuan akan kata: mesti kena bomoh perempuan itu!

kalau lelaki handsome ditinggal kekasihperempuan akan kata: jangan sedih, kan saya ada..
kalau lelaki tak handsome ditinggal kekasihperempuan akan kata:...(terdiam, tapi telunjuknya
meliuk-liuk dari atas ke bawah, patutlah, tengok saja luarannya)...

kalau lelaki handsome penyayang binatangperempuan akan cakap: perasaannya halus...penuh kasih sayang
kalau lelaki tak handsome penyayang binatangperempuan akan cakap: sesama keluarga memang harus menyayangi...

kalau lelaki handsome bawa BMWperempuan akan cakap: matching... hebat luar dalam
kalau lelaki tak handsome bawa BMWperempuan akan cakap: bang, bosnya mana?...

kalau lelaki handsome tak mahu bergambarperempuan akan cakap: pasti takut kalau-kalau gambarnya tersebar
kalau lelaki tak handsome tak mahu bergambarperempuan akan kata: tak sanggup melihat hasilnya ya?...

kalau lelaki handsome menuang air ke gelas perempuanperempuan akan cakap:ini barulah lelaki gentlemen
kalau lelaki tak handsome menuang air ke gelas perempuanperempuan akan cakap: naluri pembantu, memang begitu....

kalau lelaki handsome bersedih hatiperempuan akan cakap: let me be your shoulder to cry on
kalau lelaki tak handsome bersedih hatiperempuan akan kata: kuat nangis!! lelaki ke bukan ni?

P/s: Kepada lelaki2 tak hensem...jangan kecik hati pulak ye :-)

anda girl type apa?

YPE OF GIRLS…ZAMAN KINI.. dan nama-namanya sempena istilah-istilah di zaman komputer dan internet:

HARD DISK GIRLS:
she remembers everything, FOREVER
(dia ingat semua perkara selama-lamanya - kalau tak rosak la)

RAM GIRLS:
she forget about you, the moment you turn her off
(dia akan lupakan anda, bila anda menolaknya)

WINDOW GIRLS:
everyone know that she can’t do a thing right, but no one can live without her.
(semua orang tahu bahawa dia tidak mampu buat apa pun dengan betul, tapi tidak ada seorang pun yang boleh hidup tanpanya)

SCREENSAVER GIRLS:
she is good for nothing but at least she is fun
(dia tidak berguna pun tapi menyeronokkan)

INTERNET GIRLS:
Difficult to access
(susah untuk diakses)

SERVER GIRLS:
Always busy when you need her
(sentiasa sibuk bila anda perlukannya)

MULTIMEDIA GIRLS:
She make horrible thing look beautiful
(benda yang hodoh dia boleh tukarkan jadi cantik)

CD-ROM GIRLS:
She is always faster and faster.
(dia semakin laju dan laju)

EMAIL GIRLS:
Every ten things she says, eight are nonsense
(setiap sepuluh perkara yang dia cakap, lapan adalah mengarut)

VIRUS GIRLS:
Also
known as “wife” when you are not expecting her, she comes, install
herself and uses all your resources. If you try to uninstall her you
will lose something, if you don’t try uninstall her you will lose
everything…
(juga dikenali sebagai “isteri” bila anda tidak menjangka, dia datang,
melekat dan gunakan semua sumber anda. Jika anda mahu buang dia maka
anda akan kehilangan sesuatu, jika anda tidak buang dia maka anda akan
kehilangan kesemuanya….)

Anda gadis yang mana satu?

Lawak Daddy dan anak...hahahahahaha

Suatu pagi seorang anak yang baru masuk sekolah primary bertanya kepada daddynya,

'Daddy.daddy .... sex tu apa, daddy ....?'

Terkulat-kulat si ayah. Terfikir dia tentang arus kemodenan zaman sekarang yang membuatkan manusia berfikiran terbuka, termasuklah anak-anak yang masih kecil. Sesuai dengan konsep pendidikan seks yang sedang hangat dibincangkan, mulalah si ayah mencari-cari jawapan yang sesuai dengan harapan anaknya takkan tertinggal dalam arus pendidikan moden.

Maka si ayah pun memberikan jawapan secara mengkiaskan kumbang dan bunga, telur yang yang menetaskan berudu dan seterusnya menjadi katak, hujan serta benih yang mencetuskan tunas, diikuti dengan pembentukan bayi dalam kandungan.

Sebelum mengakhiri jawapannya itu, si ayah menyelitkan pula kisah percintaan antara dia dan mamanya sejak dari zaman sekolah menengah lagi hinggalah kepada kelahiran seorang bayi comel iaitu si anak yang bertanya itu. Tiba-tiba si anak menangis teresak-esak. Si ayah kehairanan.

'Eh kenapa ni?'

Si ayah bertanya kehairanan. Si anak masih juga menangis.

'Jawapan daddy tu panjang sangat, tapi tempat nak tulis jawapan ni pendek. Daddy ajalah yang tulis, waaaaa!!!!'

Kata si anak lantas menyerahkan buku latihan Bahasa Inggerisnya yang pada muka depan tertulis.... ..

SCROLL DOWN ....